Women in Vietnam Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Ladies in Vietnam - Research Paper Example This explanation causes antiquarians to allude to the war as a virus war. The war occurred in Cambodia and included assaults and attacks on rival gatherings. The adversary bunches for this situation were the Americans and the individuals of South Vietnam. The war had look and demolish activities that served to show the measure of intensity that each gathering had over the other. The United States had its hypothesis on the war as it considered it to be a method of forestalling the spread of socialism toward the west, as it favored utilizing the free enterprise arrangement. The war along these lines had a significant figure to the warriors as each had a go at supporting their approaches. In the war, there were ladies that served to help the real warriors who were generally men (Gunusky 37). Ladies were powerful in the advancement of the war. This is on the grounds that they were there to offer their help which if coming up short on, the contenders on each side couldn't have battled as successfully as they did. The ladies were the soldier’s spouses, sisters and even moms taken up by the military around then to go about as warriors of war. They got preparing for all the missions that were to happen and consequently were gifted out in the field. The ladies had various jobs in the war. There were the individuals who were skilled in the field and had the uncommon chance to serve in the war as real warriors along their male partners. The ladies demonstrated ceaseless endeavors and want to enable their sides to win. For the ladies that were not solid or rather talented enough to go out to the field and face the opponents in a live way, they were appointed various parts of work as indicated by their inherent abilities. One of the most distinguished jobs that the ladies were given was crafted by clinical specialists or rather they were given the expected set of responsibilities of medical attendants (Tunner 76). The medical caretakers had the severe and arduous occ upations of helping injured fighters when assaults occurred. As indicated by the networks that lived in the Vietnam area, they accepted crafted by nursing to be an ability that runs in the family and thus the majority of the attendants that were taken in needed to convey along other relatives to aid their works. Since the medical caretakers were to take their exercises to places where the war was legitimately occurring, they needed to preparing on essential weaponry use in the event of assault. A portion of the medical caretakers didn't totally complete their nursing as they were taken in to a 10-day preparing camp at Ft. Sam Houston (Caylor 65). With this preparation, they could be low maintenance nurture however could likewise work the grounds on the off chance that there was a shy of armed force officials to complete a snare because of variables, for example, demise or general ineptitude. Before the war had gotten genuine, the medical attendants were given a main part of harmed p atients and educated to fix them inside a given time length. This was persuasive, as it would assist them with getting ready both mentally and truly for the sort of work that they would do in the fields. At the point when the war would get more earnestly and the foe bunches drawing near, there would be numerous setbacks and along these lines the need of fitness on the attendants to help fix warriors quick. After recuperating, the troopers were required back on the field to proceed with the war so as not to loan specialist their side in need of help because of absence of officers. The attendants additionally had fundamental preparing of how to utilize a compass and a radio alarm. This was significant in light of the fact that few out of every odd time could the troopers figure out how to bring back the injured officers to the camp base. With the compass and the radio, the officers in the field could make radio cautions to the medical caretakers. The radios had various signals through which they had an open line of correspondence. They would request help and give the necessary orders and orientation (Neel 37). The ladies then again with the

Control Theory And Gang Related Crime Criminology Essay

Control Theory And Gang Related Crime Criminology Essay Talk about how control hypothesis and style hypothesis sufficiently clarifies group related wrongdoing This article will assist us with understanding the purposes for pack related wrongdoing. To examine the reasons for pack related wrongdoing we will take a gander at two criminology hypotheses. Elegance and control hypothesis will be utilized to comprehend and to exhibit a conversation on the issue. We will take a gander at every one of the hypotheses independently and afterward apply them to posse related wrongdoing. Style or traditional school has been around for very impressive time. A gathering of rationalists of the eighteenth century contended that human issues must be handled in a sensible and increasingly conventional way(Coleman, Norris. 2000. p.17).There was an inclination that criminal equity arrangement of the eighteenth century was excessively unfeeling, insufficient and judges had an excessive amount of carefulness and discipline was too barbaric(Coleman, Norris. 2000. p.18). That is the motivation behind why elegance contends: an excess of policing or discipline could change decent citizens(Jacobs. 2009. p.97). We would feel that harsher discipline would change the measure of wrongdoing, anyway elegance stands a solid case that additionally policing and harder sentences would not support the cause(Jacobs. 2009. p.97). From everything what we have looked so far we can say. Elegance is so worried about the extreme condemning then most likely it would propose us how tackle the wrongdoi ng. Elegance will accept that individuals settle on sane decisions (Jacobs. 2009. p.97) and consequently this is the motivation behind why they perpetrate wrongdoing. For certain individuals delight and addition that they get from wrongdoing is significantly bigger than the agony of punishment(Coleman, Norris. 2000. p.18). A few people get so troubled thus fixated on what they believe is bad form towards a specific gathering of individuals or race that they are prepared for the most extraordinary measures. For instance of these measures we could give you London 7/7. One of the aircraft behind the assault just did this as he was happy to vindicate England for how the police treated his own kind(Jacobs. 2009. p.98). One of the principle interests of style is the prompt conditions that encompasses the offence(Jacobs. 2009. p.98). In this manner style feels that we all are potential criminals(Jacobs. 2009. p.98). As needs be to elegance criminology need to squeeze one principle question: regardless of whether the law is as a rule too thoroughly or delicately enforced(Jacobs. 2009. p.98). Here, on one hand, we have elegance that contends that an excess of policing and intense sentences are not the appropriate response, yet, then again, style is worried that the law is delicately upheld. Elegance as such is a serious extraordinary reference point in human conduct study. Elegance is orientated on the prompt conditions that have set off a crime(Jacobs. 2009. p.99). This gives us some direction with regards to what will be the primary things that style would be keen on and focusing more than everything else. In elegance we would need to look at why as an open doors emerge for individuals to carry out w rongdoing. Why this is something that is going on in specific regions and fundamentally to particular sorts of individuals and certain seasons of day(Jacobs. 2009. p.99). A portion of the researchers have worries that abusive and uncalled for laws could transform individuals into hoodlums. Another conviction of elegance is that individuals are mostly guided by unrestrained choice and indulgence and subsequently these two variables are the ones that drive the crime(OConnor. 2006). As we saw before style is worried about intense discipline and that is the motivation behind why every single offense must have equivalent treatment under the law(OConnor. 2006). Take a gander at this dubious idea in our brain, however totally typical under style: terrible individuals are just the aftereffect of awful laws (OConnor. 2006). Next thing that we need to take a gander at is control hypothesis. Control hypothesis is worried on the measures that would stop individuals to carry out and participate in wrongdoing and criminal activities(Jacobs. 2009. p.163). Control hypothesis contends that wrongdoing exists and is occurring where there are chances to perpetrate wrongdoing and where is a finished absence of socio-central(family)( Jacobs. 2009. p.163). Along these lines there will be no wrongdoing or as meager as none where appropriate arrangements are set up, for example, compelling controls and absence of opportunities(Jacobs. 2009. p.163). Durkheim had a hypothesis that social world is kept up by reconciliation and regulation(Jacobs. 2009. p.163). Control hypothesis has risen up out of the discoveries on family and social bonds under the Chicago School. Family and neighborhood network began to free their grasps on relatives and network in general(Jacobs. 2009. p.163). Throughout the years numerous criminologists have made their own particular manners of control hypothesis with the key issues that they thought were fundamental. Rather than focusing on why individuals carry out wrongdoing, Reiss was increasingly worried on the most proficient method to build up an instrument to foresee which variables are to accused behind crime(Jacobs. 2009. p.163). Accordingly Reiss saw reprobate gathering of individuals not as a disarranged yet rather a practical result of the disappointment. Disappointment of individual and social controls. In this manner the key issues from Reiss perspective is that the family, society and neighborhood were the principle wellsprings of the disappointment (Jacobs. 2009. p.163). The entirety of the above were in the positions which would impact the present and fate of the child(Jacobs. 2009. p.163). What do we escape this: mediation with the kid at the early long stretches of his life could have a basic and a key impact to success(Jacobs. 2009. p.163). Anyway one wrong choice could impact the manner in which this youngster will carry on with an amazing remainder. Then again Nye(1958) adopted totally extraordinary strategy in his investigations of control hypothesis. He was searching for a clarifications regarding why wrongdoing isn't more common(Jacobs. 2009. p.164). In his investigations Nye reasoned that the most significant REAGENT of the social control was the people family(Jacobs. 2009. p.164). Nye concocted four kinds of control: immediate, circuitous, disguised control and elective fulfillment. The key one in his psyche was the family, school and police. They control individuals utilizing direct limitations joined by discipline. Anyway different kinds of control hypothesis would strengthen each other relying upon the setting of the individual(Jacobs. 2009. p.164). Another who had his feeling was Reckless(1967) who considered family to be the fundamental wellspring of impact of a little kid. Crazy understood that urban way of life contained numerous impulses to perpetrate wrongdoing. Foolish concocted a recommendation that every individual needs to get through various obstructions to carry out wrongdoing. These obstructions were internal and external regulation where inward was a discretion and external was social control(Jacobs. 2009. p.164). Crazy principle concern was focusing on the discretion or so as called inward regulation. He proposed that we can control ourselves paying little mind to what occurs around us(Jacobs. 2009. p.1634). As to internal circle regulation Reckless concocted four key components: self idea, objective direction and two later ones dissatisfaction resistance and standard maintenance. Careless has found that standard disintegration is more serious issue than standard maintenance. Sykes and Matza(1957) contends that it takes just a brief moment to carry out a wrongdoing. In this manner for the individuals who were engaged with crimes and misconduct it just took a little piece of their life(Jacobs. 2009. p.165). What were they engaged with between carrying out wrongdoings? Might it be able to be a little and impermanent float away from wrongdoing? According to Sykes and Matza numerous guilty parties despite everything had bonds with social request. Sykes and Matza attempts to clarify this kind of conduct and as a piece of clarification they accepted that we would learn ordinary conduct runs by learning the reasons or strategies of balance( Jacobs. 2009. p.165). In a basic terms we attempt to clarify our dealings and disregard a self-evident. We deny our conduct and even casualties. Hirschi(1969) then again accepted that social holding hold the way to reputable and reprobate behaviour(Jacobs. 2009. p.165). Social bonds must be solid and powerful or in any case individuals would go themselves to misconduct. The key factor for this drive would be rewards that can be picked up. Hirschi ordered the social bonds as: connection, responsibility, contribution and conviction. Connection is a significant social piece of an individual. A reprobate individual will never have a similar social bonds with his companions, educators, family members as an individual who is out of the wrongdoing scene. Worry for people's opinion of us is the driver or controller of our activities. Responsibility is another case of an ideal people conduct. It takes one little idiotic act to destroy your life and everything that you have worked in your life. So this is something that you are setting out to free. Along these lines wrongdoing won't be a possibility for you. Association and conviction could be consolidated as one. You have confidence in yourself and you are focused on the guidelines of society. In view of this you will be associated with however many exercises as could be allowed so you can be occupied and lack the capacity to deal with wrongdoing. Having taken a gander at criminology speculations let us take a gander at the genuine posses. Some state that posses are made suddenly. Anyway they become coordinated in the public eye by conflict(Greene, 2007. p.1375). Packs vary in the individuals they all have. The sort of exercises they do. What type connections do these posses have with neighborhood community(Conly. 1993. p.20). Posses can be characterized as: gathering of individuals associated with the noteworthy measure of introverted activity(Conly. 1993. p.7). Perusing all the abovementioned, we see that family has a monstrous job in childrens family. One of the key focuses in charge hypothesis is family. Control from the family has to have the greatest effect in transit the kid takes a gander at the world. Society and neighborhood comes after. In the general public we a

Ultimate Guide to Program Management

Ultimate Guide to Program Management Management is a vital ingredient towards achieving organizational goals. More often than not, however, our knowledge about this discipline is limited to the management of people and resources, but not really a lot about the management of activities and processes. When we do, we are more focused on the short-term projects, not knowing that there is a bigger, wider discipline at work. The short-term approach may work for many smaller operations, but if we are talking about larger companies, there is a need for a more sweeping approach, one that encompasses more than one or two projects at one time. © Shutterstock.com | therombWe will show you 1) what is program management, 2) the benefits of using program management, 3) the differences between program and project management, 4) the role of a program manager, and 5) major program management tools and techniques.PROGRAM MANAGEMENTAccording to the Program Management Institute (PMI), program management involves a “group of related projects that are managed in a coordinated manner in order to obtain benefits and control, which are not present if said projects were individually managed”.This involves a collective of large-scale individual yet related or interdependent projects that span more than one year, with the deliverables expected to be completed and submitted in succession or at intervals. These individual deliverables are then taken as a whole when evaluating the program. It also often involves large sums of money, incurring millions of dollars in costs. Naturally, it is also expected that more than a few people are invo lved in the program. More often than not, in large and complex programs, there could be more than a couple of hundreds of people involved in the program at one point or another.Program management refers to the combination of all the abilities and resources of the organization, including, but not limited to, the aspects of planning, progress monitoring, scheduling, cost tracking, and reporting of ongoing and completed activities into one comprehensive and integrated program.A simple example would be a company manufacturing mobile phones. The company plans to launch a new line of mobile phones to rival, say, Apple’s iPhone within the next 12 months. This is a major undertaking, and one that requires all the resources of the company to be put to use. Early on, all divisions of the company will be engaged, such as the product development team, the design team, the marketing team, and even the distribution team. They each have their own projects, but they are all related in that they a re working towards the same objective: the launch of the new line of mobile phones.There is a need to make all these groups or projects cohesive, so program management is called for. This will ensure that all the efforts are coordinated. Dozens and even hundreds of people may be involved, but there is one single figure that exercises centralized authority over all aspects of the program: the Program Manager.Program management involves the following functions:Oversight of the application and execution related to projects. It does not involve only one or two projects. Programs are comprised of several projects that are related or bound by a single goal or objective. They are also expected to adhere to predetermined standards and processes when they are executed. Through program management, these projects are overseen with the end (the organization’s strategic goals) always in sight.Establishment of business and technical processes. Effective program management entails having busines s and technical processes firmly in place before any project or undertaking is started.Audit and implementation of established processes. There is a need to always review if the processes are implemented properly and efficiently. There is bound to be a change in business operations that will require the processes to be tweaked or altered in order to achieve best results. For example, some technical processes may have to be revamped due to the introduction of new technologies.Analysis of performance of the members of the organization and the organization as a whole. It is not just the business and technical processes that need review. Program management will also put the individual and team performances of members of the organization in the spotlight.Measurement and monitoring. Decisions are made based on historical information derived from actual results and performance. Program management makes it possible to monitor and measure the performance and conduct of projects towards achie ving organizational goals, and the information gathered will be used by top management in all its future decision-making processes.BENEFITS OF PROGRAM MANAGEMENTOf course, the ultimate benefit of program management is the achievement of the company’s business goals. There are many ways that an effective program management can accomplish that.It provides top management with a comprehensive view of the organization and its activities.If the project-by-project approach was taken in monitoring the activities or progress of the organization, you can expect it to take a long time, not to mention the confusion that would come with it. Program managers can take a coordinated approach in handling and evaluating the projects, which may span different departments or areas of the organization, but are still connected. Program managers will be able to tell right away which projects are doing well, which ones need more work, and which ones are not going to benefit the organization in the end. T his aids senior levels of management in their decision-making processes.It ensures that all activities within the organization are aligned towards its goals.Every evaluation of program managers of the different projects will be in accordance with the strategic goals of the organization. They are responsible for evaluating whether the activities of a project will help in delivering value, as well as increasing revenue and reducing costs.In program management, reporting is consolidated, which allows for equally consolidated analysis of top level management of the overall progress of the organization towards its goals.It maximizes human and other resources.Effective program management involves putting in place a plan of how the activities will be performed, who will perform them, and what rules or guidelines should govern the performance of the employees as they go about their assigned tasks or activities. There will be clearly defined roles, responsibilities and accountabilities.This establishes uniformity and consistency, such that the members of the organization will still be able to perform effectively even when they move to a new project right after finishing another. This also reduces the cost of having to re-train or re-educate them, or training new people.In the same vein, the organization will also be better able to manage its resources, because they will know which projects to prioritize, and which projects can be integrated.It minimizes mix-ups and disagreements brought about by miscommunication or lack of communication.Program management advocates communications that are more closely-knit than in a usual project environment. The coordinated effort of the program managers will also reduce the number of issues that are related to communication hiccups. The employees are already knowledgeable about the prevailing rules and guidelines, and so they do not have to undergo re-orientation every single time. They are already speaking pretty much the same langu age. Thus, transitions are facilitated more smoothly.It promotes cost efficiencies and allows the organization to enjoy cost savings.Financial management is another aspect where program management does not have too much of a problem with, since it is almost always inclusive of budgeting, including budget execution and implementation. In projects, budget management is not high on the priority list, because the project manager is mostly concerned with completing the project within a certain timeframe and the allotted budget. The broader view of program management does not allow this narrower perspective.All the above benefits also boil down to the organization being able to save on its spending. Say, for example, that there are five ongoing projects within an organization, but there is no program management setup in place. You are looking at five separate budgets, five separate managers, and five different sets of talents. There are also five separate systems for reporting each projec t status or progress to top management. That means that there are five sets of separate expenses. With program management, there are functions that can be consolidated into one, with all five project teams using it. The program manager can develop a setup where all five projects can make use of a single reporting facility, since the reports will all end up with the top management anyway.It facilitates the delivery of change.Program managers can plan and implement the necessary changes in a coordinated manner, and have them delivered and implemented in such a way that the current operations of the business will not be compromised or adversely affected.PROGRAM VS PROJECT MANAGEMENTOftentimes, “program management” and “project management” have been used interchangeably. However, the two are not one and the same.If we are going to speak in general terms, project management refers to the management of projects, while program management refers to managing a group, or portfolio, of projects. In short, program management has a larger scope, and a more ambitious one, too, since it pertains to handling multiple projects simultaneously.Let us break down the differences between the two.As to scope and coverage. As mentioned earlier, programs have a wider scope, encompassing a group of projects. It is safe to say that project management is under the umbrella of program management.As to duration. Program management is more on the long-term side, due to the ongoing nature of programs. Projects, on the other hand, are usually short-term and do not require long-term strategic planning.As to budget and financial management. Program management is bound by the limitations and expectations set forth in the overall budget or financial calendar of the organization. Usually, program managers have to deliver results on a quarterly, semi-annual or annual basis, as the case may be. Projects, on the other hand, due to their short nature, are not bound by the same demand. The proj ect managers are not made to deliver results on regular intervals, mostly only when the project ends. The extent of budgeting and financial planning is also more complex in program management, because it covers revenue, costs and expenditures, and even investing and financing activities. Projects are more focused on costs and expenditures.As to governance and control. Due to its larger scope, programs require more intensive overseeing from program managers and even higher levels of management. More often than not, project management only involves the control or governance of the project manager; senior management rarely takes part in monitoring the individual projects.THE PROGRAM MANAGERWe can also establish the difference between program management and project management by delving deeper into the role of the program manager.The program manager is the person who manages the portfolios, which are composed of individual, smaller projects. His approach is more holistic since, instead of focusing on the schedules, resources and scope of the project, his focus will be on the people involved in all the projects under the program. This means he will have a hand in the overall politics of the program, and in negotiations, if any.More than just dealing with requirements of the projects, the program manager will be looking at the bigger picture, meaning the business strategies and the objectives of the program and the business organization as a whole. He will not be directly involved in the day-to-day activities in the projects within the program. While the project manager’s main concern is the completion of the project on time, within the allotted budget, and with the expected deliverables or output, the program manager will be more concerned with the delivery of value and the maximization of ROI of the business.It goes without saying that being a program manager requires a different skill set from that of a project manager. He should be:A senior-level manager;Prima rily involved in the advancement towards, and achievement of, organizational goals;Able to manage multiple and related projects;Able to achieve benefits and results that would not have been possible if the projects where individually or separately handled;Able to manage horizontally, across all the functional projects within the program.Some companies have precise standards or qualifications for their program managers. They even require them to have advanced skills in budgeting and financial management, since program management also encompasses budgeting. Other intrinsic skills looked for in a program manager include excellent communication skills, contract negotiation skills and time management skills.PROGRAM MANAGEMENT TOOLS AND TECHNIQUESAside from management skills and other skills inherent in the person of the program manager, there are various tools and techniques that he can use in order to efficiently and effectively manage the programs and all the sub-projects within it.App lication of Systems Engineering. You have a program, and you were able to define the overall program goals. Now you have to identify all the activities that must be performed in order to implement the program and achieve those goals. Systems engineering often involves establishing criteria or guidelines for evaluating the project deliverables.Staffing Management Plan. It is possible that, within the organization, one person may be working across several projects. Of course, it is humanly impossible for one person to be in two places at once, working on two separate, although related, projects. That’s why there is a need for a staffing management plan. The staffing management plan comes in handy when:Identifying the human resource needed in a project. This will also help the program manager assess the need to recruit new talent where there is shortage, or reassign tasks and responsibilities where there are idle hands.Pinpointing the particular time period where the specific skill s et of an employee is required in each project. This is especially helpful when individual projects have to come up with their respective work schedules.Alignment Schedule. This program schedule is where the Program Manager keeps track of the milestones of each project such as when it presents its deliverables, when the project or a sub-project is completed, or when key activities are handed off from one project to another. This certainly makes the tracking and monitoring easier for the Program Manager.Program Network Diagram. This is basically a graph or a flow chart that shows the flow and interconnection of the work of the different projects or subprojects. It presents the sequence in which the different projects’ deliverables are completed, and even how they are dependent of one another.Work Breakdown Structure. Keep in mind that program management deals with large-scale, multiple projects. Therefore, there is a need to break them down into smaller units or components. That is what can be achieved by using a Work Breakdown Structure. This is a good way for program managers to organize all the projects’ work into smaller, manageable sections.Program Management Review. The program manager may also opt to hold regular program management reviews, where project leaders and other key players in the projects and subprojects are gathered together in one room for a meeting. Here, they deliver status reports on their respective projects’ progress so far, and risk assessment discussions are also conducted.

The Biological Theory Of Crime Causation - 1082 Words

Crime causation is a complex and daunting field. For centuries, philosophers have pondered the meaning of the concept of cause as it pertains to human behavior. Examining why people commit crime is very important in the ongoing debate of how crime should be handled and prevented. A few of the theories that have emerged and continue to be explored are biological, sociological and psychological theories. While individually and in combination, these theories of crime causation affect human behavior and actions. The biological theory of crime causation includes your genes, body type, and traits. Even though the genes you inherit do put you at a risk of anti-social and criminal behavior, their impact depends on the environment you grew†¦show more content†¦38). A couple examples of the sociological theory include the social structure theory and the social conflict theory. The social structure theory takes a different stance imploring the question that if biologic factors explain crimes, then why does most crime take place in bad neighborhoods? Areas with high unemployment, low-performing and underfunded schools, or citizens with low socioeconomic status are more likely to produce criminals. This can cause conflict, which then ascends between people’s goals and the methods used to obtain them. The social conflict theory’s foundations lie in Marxism/Conflict Theory, where people and gouples interact on the basis of conflict rather than consensus. Concerns of this theory are the role of government in creating a criminogenic (tending to produce crime) environment, the relationship between a capitalist, free enterprise economy and crime rates, and the prevalence of bias in the justice system (Regis University, 2017). Furthermore, with the psychological theory, it may include motivational, inhibiting, decision-making, and learning processes (Farrington, 1993). The most common motivational idea is that people (and especially children) are naturally self-indulgent and selfish, seeking pleasure and avoiding pain, and hence that childrenShow MoreRelatedThe Theories Of Crime Causation1076 Words   |  5 Pages This paper will examine the three main theories of crime causation which comprise the Criminological Theory as well as provide some examples of each. The three main theories of crime causation are biological, sociological and psychological. Each of the three theories have come a long way since their inception and continue to be updated due to new findings through technological and medical advances. 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Thesis: Trait theories and choice theories both assume that humans are self-interested, but their conceptionsRead MoreDomestic Violence : Spousal Abuse1564 Words   |  7 PagesState University, Fresno â€Æ' Domestic violence in a relationship (specifically spousal abuse) has continuously been a perplex issue in a functional society that has been deliberately overlooked and often ignored in a society. According to Criminology: Theory, Research and Policy, intimate partner abuse (spousal abuse) is defined as â€Å"abuse that occurs between current or former heterosexual or homosexual intimates. It includes physical, sexual, and emotional abuse and violence†. It encompasses the ideaRead MoreBiological and Classical School1265 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstanding social behavior of criminals. The members of this school used the approach to the study of crime, which became known as criminology. 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There are manyRead MoreDeterrence Theory Of The Criminal Justice System2120 Words   |  9 PagesUnit 2 DB1 Deterrence Theory Deterrence theory has many ideas as to what constitute deterrence. Some researchers think that it is the main purposes of our criminal justice system. They do agree that it is the main goal when it comes down to discouraging society from committing criminal deeds. Because, of fear of punishment for committing a crime. Some researcher would have you believe that the most powerful deterrent we have is our criminal justice system, because they are the ones that will makeRead More Adolescence and Juvenile Delinquency Essay1644 Words   |  7 Pagesillegal, or criminal behavior by children or adolescents to the degree that it cannot be controlled or corrected by the parents, endangers others in the community, and becomes the concern of a law enforcement agency(1994). I found that most theories about what causes delinquency in children and adolescents originate with families and parenting. Many statistics and studies have been conducted comparing the number of youths that had chosen a delinquent life style, with single parent householdsRead MoreMurder Is A Serious Issue It Is It s Perpetrated By Individuals With A Large Bone Structure Essay1032 Words   |  5 Pagesathletic physic? Murder is the act of unlawfully and deliberately killing someone. Murder is a serious issue it Canada, one biological criminological theory may explain this heinous crime. A connection between a person’s physical build and appearance and their likelihood to commit a crime may be able to be drawn. In the case of murder, Somatotyping may be able to explain this crime. In the year 2015, 604 murders were committed in Canada, with 174 committed in Ontario; respectively 704 attempted murders

Should Prostitution Be Legal - 1150 Words

When the chance to pick an arguable topic arose I chose one that has been particularly sensitive within my own group of friends. The question is: Should prostitution be legal? My question is: Why shouldn’t it? By all means I respect the opinion that having sex for money is completely illegal in most states but what about stripping? Stripping is completely legal and paid for lap dances aren’t the only advancement allowed. Strippers are allowed to receive payment to have sexual encounters within the establishment and it is completely legal. Protection for working women should exist across the board, not just for the select few. An article in The Business Insider gives seven reasons on why prostitution should be legal in all fifty states of America. These reasons include: 1) It Would Reduce Violence Against Women. 2) Legalization Would Make Sex Workers Healthier. 3) Prostitution Is Arguably A Victimless Crime. 4) Legal Prostitution Can Be A Source Of Tax Revenue. 5) Legal ization Could Save Precious Law Enforcement Resources. 6) Legal Prostitutes Could Get Labor Rights. 7) Prostitution Isn t Going Away Anytime Soon. I personally would like to focus on just a few examples to better support the articles argument. With reason one â€Å"It Would Reduce Violence Against Women† is a simple and straight foreword example within itself. As of today women are the primary victims of assault upon regular encounters, but when a prostitute is involved it becomes slightly different. When aShow MoreRelatedShould Prostitution Be Legal? Essay1145 Words   |  5 PagesShould prostitution be legal? Prostitution has been around for decades. Since 1780 BC the legalization of prostitution has been a controversial topic. Prostitution is the act or practice of engaging in promiscuous sexual relations especially for money.† Prostitution. Merriam-Webster.com. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2016. Many claim that is one of the oldest professions. If this is one of the oldest professions why is it still illegal? So many people have different opinions on the issueRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal1695 Words   |  7 Pagesthat prostitution will exist no matter what because men will always degrade women, and women, in turn, can do the same to men, even though these moral aspects are not connected with the legalization process, mostly depending on moral qualities of the society members, and not on a position on prostitution. Thus, the essay will try to prove why prostitution should not be legal with the help of analysis of the articles of the well-known scientists. While feminist theory represents prostitution as aRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal?1236 Words   |  5 Pagesmajority of people believe prostitution should stay illegal, claiming that the legalization of prostitution will only make the chances of getting an STD even higher, an increase in rape rates, and will also add to the growth of human trafficking. Although this could be the case, there have been many studies that tell a different story. Currently, Nevada has allowed prostitution in 11 of its counties with much success. There can be many benefits from the legalization of prostitution in the states. LegalizingRead MoreProstitution: It Should Be Legal 1431 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to the Merriam- Webster dictionary, prostitution is defined as â€Å"the work of a prostitute: the act of having sex in exchange for money† (cite). Underneath this definition is one that follows as, â€Å"the use of a skill or ability in a way that is not appropriate or respectableâ €  (cite). Prostitution is a pressing matter in the United States and, as one can assume after reading the second definition given, implicated negatively throughout society. Many view this topic in an undesirable mannerRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal? Essay1261 Words   |  6 PagesProstitution has existed in history since before most people can remember. In our time, prostitution is hotly debated as to whether it should be a professional working job, or whether it is immoral and oppressive to women. This debate has existed since the dawn of time, and there is still no clear answer. Society demands that police should stop certain illicit activities from happening in their neighborhoods, but should law enforcement be made to waste their time and effort to arrest those thatRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal?1157 Words   |  5 PagesLegalizing Prostitution in Brothels Throughout America When someone says prostitution, the first couple things that probably come to mind are grimy girls that have ruined their lives with drugs sitting on a couch cracked out with a man they just met. Prostitutes are looked at as whores who cannot sustain a real career so they are forced to sell their bodies for sex. The prostitution industry is essentially just like any other service industry. The worker charges his or her customer for a serviceRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal?1440 Words   |  6 PagesCanadian legal system stands prostitution. Prostitution by definition is the practice or occupation of engaging in sexual activity with someone for payment. Prostitution in our legal system can be dated back to the 18th century, this was the first Canadian statute to acknowledge prostitution. Prostitution in this time was handled by three legal approaches, regulation, prohibition and lastly rehabilitation. It is believed that because of these three legal approaches that is why prost itution is stillRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal?1057 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"A human body is a temple; we should love it and respect it.† How often have we come across those people who sell their bodies, so-called temples and have been termed as â€Å"prostitutes?† Prostitution can be defined as the profession of getting involved in sexual activity with someone and to get paid back in return. Sex and sex-related issues have always been the matter to be hidden, and the civilized people are considered to be not speaking about it at all. Despite the fact, none can escape it ourRead MoreProstitution Should Not Be Legal1753 Words   |  8 Pagesthe topic of prostitution, most of us will readily agree that it is wrong as it portrays a negative image on women. Where this agreement usually ends, however, it is whether or not it’s a negative outcome. Whereas some are convinced that prostitution should be legal, others maintain that it should stay illegal becau se of moral intuitions. I disagree that prostitution should be legalized because it’s a form of slavery. Here are many feminists would probably object that prostitution is an utterlyRead MoreShould Prostitution Be Legal?1371 Words   |  6 PagesKayla Beaty College Success Professor Jernigan 02/04/2015 Prositution in the U.S For my paper I chose the topic â€Å"Prostitution In the U.S† I picked this topic because I feel as if there’s a lot to discuss about the subject itself. Prostitution in my eyes, should be illegal in all parts of America. I feel as if the crime itself is degrading not only to women, but the families of those involved that choose to commit these acts. My personal opinion, going more into detail is that I grew up viewing

Ethical Healthcare Issues Free Essays

Running Head: ETHICAL HEALTHCARE Ethical Healthcare Issues Paper Wanda Douglas Health Law and Ethics/HCS 545 October 17, 2011 Nancy Moody Ethical Healthcare Issues Paper In today’s health care industry providing quality patient care and avoiding harm are the foundations of ethical practices. However, many health care professionals are not meeting the guidelines or expectations of the American College of Healthcare Executives (ACHE) or obeying the organizations code of ethics policies, especially with the use of electronic medical records (EMR). Many patients fear that their personal health information (PHI) will be disclosed by hackers or unauthorized users. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethical Healthcare Issues or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to Carel (2010) â€Å"ethical concerns shroud the proposal in skepticism, most notably privacy. At the most fundamental level, issues arise about the sheer number of people who will have ready access to the health information of a vast patient population, as well as about unauthorized access via hacking. †Ã‚  This paper will apply the four principles of ethics to EMR system. EMR History Pickerton (2005), â€Å"In the 1960s, a physician named Lawrence L. Weed first described the concept of computerized or medical records. Weed described a system to automate and recognize patient medical records to enhance their utilization and thereby lead to improved patient care† (para 1). The advantages of EMR system includes shared information integrated information, improvement of quality care, and adaptation of regulatory changes. Even though EMR systems have many advantages, EMR systems also have some disadvantages too. Some disadvantages of EMR systems are security, and confidential, which can raise ethical issues. In order to help identify and vercome ethical issues with EMR systems, health care professionals can use the four principles of ethics to help identify where ethical issues are compromised. The four principles of ethics are autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. Autonomy According to Mercuri (2010) â€Å"autonomy means allowing individuals make their own choices and develop their own lives in the context of a pa rticular society and in dialogue with that society; negatively, autonomy means that one human person, precisely as a human person, does not have authority and should not have power over another human person† (para 2). Autonomy has an effect with ethics concerning EMR systems because health care organizations should have an EMR system that should maintain respect for patient autonomy. Respect for patient autonomy should have health care organizations to make decisions concerning user access of the records. Access of Records Before a health care organization implements an EMR system, they should have a security system in place, which includes â€Å"access control† component. Access control within an EMR system is controlled by distinct user roles and access levels, the enforcement of strong login passwords, severe user verification/authorization and user inactivity locks. Health care of professionals regardless of their level, each have specific permissions for accessing data. Even though the organization have the right security system in place to prevent unauthorized users from access patient records, autonomous patients will expect to have access to his or her records with ease. Access their record will ensure that their information is correct and safe. Beneficence According to Kennedy (2004) â€Å"beneficence is acting to prevent evil or harm, to protect and defend the rights of others to do or promote good† (p. 501). Beneficence has an effect with ethics when it comes to EMR systems because health care professionals can help to improve the health of individual patients by using patient records to help with medical research. EMR systems contain an enormous amount of raw data, which can innovate public health and biomedical research. This research will not only do good to help the health of individual patients, but also to the health of society (Mercuri, 2010). As a result, as new EMR systems are designed, patients should be given the ability to release information from their EMRs to researchers and scientists. Nonmaleficence Not only does beneficence have an effect with ethics concerning EMR systems, but also nonmaleficence. According to Taber’s Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary â€Å"The principle of not doing something that causes harm. Hippocrates felt this was the underpinning of all medical practice. He advised his students,  primum non nocere  (â€Å"first, do no harm†)† (â€Å"Nonmaleficence,† 2010). Nonmaleficence has an effect with ethics concerning EMR systems because it is the employee’s responsibilities to report any negligence or fraud of patient medical records. However, if an employee doesn’t report negligence or fraud it will cause harm to the organization and to the patient. Reporting negligence will make the organization aware of the problem and help them find a solution. Employees can help prevent negligence or fraud notifying management when a problem is discovered. Employees can also help prevent negligence or fraud by making sure that their system access information is secure. In addition, employees can also help prevent negligence or fraud by making sure that they are creating accurate records. If the employees follow these policies of EMR security systems, they will ensure that the patient medical records are secure and safe from harm. Justice Not only does nonmaleficence have an effect with ethics when it comes to EMR systems, but also justice. According to Mercuri (2010) â€Å"justice is commonly defined as fairness. With respect to health care, justice refers to society’s duty to provide its members with access to an adequate level of health care that fulfills basic needs† (para 5). Justice has an effect with ethics concerning EMR systems because EMRs are most helpful when the system is easy to use, fully integrated, and easily searchable. EMR systems have the potential to assist health care organizations by providing higher quality care to the users and to the patients. In addition, EMR systems also assist health care organizations by having a system that is more unbiased through advanced effectiveness. Conclusion Even though there are still some ethical issues with EMR systems, health care professionals are moving in the right direction by being more aware. Health care professional want to do the right thing by following the organizations code of ethics, but sometimes they are not always clear on how they should handle certain EMR systems situations properly. In order for health care professionals to handle certain EMR systems situations properly, they can use the ACHE as a reference. Using ACHE as a reference ensures that they are meeting ACHE standards. Health care professionals can also apply the four principles of ethics to determine a resolution. Applying the four principles of ethics ensures that they are following the proper protocols and guidelines and leaves considerable room for judgment in certain cases. Reference Carel, D. (2010, October). The Ethics of Electronic Health Records. Yale Journal of Medicine Law, VII (1), 8-9. Kennedy, W. (2004). Beneficence and autonomy in nursing: a moral dilemma. British Journal of Perioperative Nursing, 14(11), 500-506. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Mercuri, J. (2010). The Ethics of Electronic Health Record. Retrieved from http://www. clinical correlations. org/? p=2211 Nonmaleficence. 2010. Taber’s Cyclopedic Medical Dictionary, 21st ed, Retrieved from EBSCO host. Pickerton, K. (2005). His tory of Electronic Medical Records. Retrieved from http://ezinearticles . com/? History-Of-Electronic-Medical-Recordsid=254240 How to cite Ethical Healthcare Issues, Papers

What is the make up requirement for the characters ‘Rama’ and ‘Ravana’ in a Kathakali performance free essay sample

‘The Ramayana’ is considered as one of the great Hindu (Indian) epics of the fourth century BC that uses the performance style of the traditional Indian dance drama—Kathakali. Kathakali (literally, ‘story play’) is a type of total theatre, which is described as dance-drama. It performs dramatized stories in the form of combining dance, acting and music. Actors never speak on stage, as the text is present by the onstage vocalists. Therefore their body movements, hand gestures and facial expressions are always important. With facial gestures, the actor must be able to manipulate their facial muscles in order to effectively portraying their role. Their face articulation is enhanced by the ornate and symbolized makeup. Thus, a company, who wishes to perform ‘The Ramayana’ in a Kathakali style should understand the makeup requirements as its uniqueness and symbolism ‘transforms the actors into a wide variety of idealized and archetypal character types’ . Hence, it is crucial to obtain research of this specific element of Kathakali. We will write a custom essay sample on What is the make up requirement for the characters ‘Rama’ and ‘Ravana’ in a Kathakali performance or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ‘The Ramayana’ portrays a prince who sacrifices himself to defeat the evil in the world, and depicts the concept of ‘order vs. chaos’, where ‘order’ is promoted by god and ‘chaos’ is caused by demons. The two ideal representatives of god and demons in ‘The Ramayana’ are Rama and Ravana, which both are ‘unnatural’ characters. Yet, the complexity of the make up presented by Kathakali actors can allow audience to have a realistic touch of the unearthly characters. In the following, I will be focusing on Rama and Ravana’s makeup requirements. Kathakali make up, is peculiarly native to the Kerala (south west region of India) folk art. Once the actor put on the makeup that represents his character, they are no longer themselves, they have assumed the life of the character they are playing . Generally the makeup is highly exaggerated by using bright and bold colours and intentionally to change the normal proportions of the human face . A highly stylized make up is the primary aesthetics effect combining with vivid facial expressions provides audiences to identify the hero and demon immediately in the performance. The style of makeup differs according to the type of character. While other theatre practices might identify the two elements in terms of a character’s individual personality, Kathakali symbolizes role- types . Hence, before look at the requirements, it is necessary to first explore the role type. Generally, the Kathakali characters for the purpose of make up can be classified in to three role types in terms of their nature and virtues : Sattvika, Rajsika and Tamasika. Sattvika has a virtuous personality, all characters of God celestial beings and saints, for example, can be included. While Rajsika is the complete opposite of Sattvika, it is a class that evil and fierce characters join into. Lastly, Tamasika characters are usually involved in the terrific and destructive acts in the play. Costume and make-up are so appropriately divided among the above three types of character, it allows audiences easily explore and appreciate the nature of the role- types and the complicated theatrical pattern of Kathakali. ‘The Ramayana’, talks about the journey of Prince Rama to achieve greatness. Rama can be classified in the group of Sattvika. In the play, there are a lot of significant events that proves Rama is in the class of Sattvika. Even in the beginning of the play, when he met Sita and set her as his ideal wife. Sita’s father forces Rama to stringing a large bow that is as big as a mountain to prove his worthiness for marrying his daughter. He was able to do so under a large crowd watching. This not only allows him to marry Sita, but also he is publicly acclaimed as a hero. Moreover, Rama’s behavior certainly presents a noble personality. The best example will be when slysly Kaikeyi speak in the behalf of Dasaratha and said he has decided to crown Rama’s brother, Bharatha as the king (originally Rama will be crowned today), and command Rama to go away and dwell in the forest without a decent reason. Rama didn’t refused to do so and obey Kaikeyi, even when his teacher Vasishtha stop him, he answered ‘Forgive me. It is my duty to obey her also, since she derives her authority from my father, and he ahs given her his word. ’ This clearly reveals that his virtuous and godly personality. This role type is the most refined of all in the Kathakali repertory. They  are never permitted to speak or even make a sound on stage. It is also reflected in the dignified and balanced makeup, which let audiences to focuses attention on the actor’s eyes and total facial expression. The type of make up that Rama can be used in Kathakali is called Paccha as it is specifically for Sattvika and epic heroic characters. This type of make up is suitable for characters that are upright, moral and full of a calm inner poise . The Paccha make up first has a deep green base where green in Kathakali represents godliness, and could reflect the basic inner exquisiteness of Rama. There is a stylized mark of Vi  u on his forehead i. e. yellow base and markings of red and black, which can be shown in the below figure. Visnu is a minor Vedic god and is considered have had nine earthly incarnations, where Rama is one of them. Figure 1. Vi u mark The treatment for eye is essential. Eyebrows in painted in a black soft curving pattern and black is also used for underlining of the lower lids. Both of the exaggerated and stretched eye make up extends to the side of the face, near the temples. The shape of the thick eyeliner that frames the eyes is assume to be the shape of broad-blade sabre of a sweeping curve of a bow . Also, the white of the eye has to be reddened, the redden eyes is called crimson eyes. This is done because it stands in contrast to the colour scheme of the face. By making the crimson eyes, Paccha characters has to put in a few young seeds of cundapoou in their eyes. Then by rotating their eyes, the seed colour (brilliant red) will dissolved in his eyes. Pacca’s lips will paint in brilliant coral red. Instead of a wavy –like red lips, there is two circular attachments at both end of the mouth that look as if smiling. It is because the ‘these two sides circular patches is to get self- position and restraint to the character, which qualities are wanting in other role types. ’ Finally, in order to finish the make up, a cutti will be added to frame the entire face from ‘ear to ear’ . A cutti looks like multi-layers of white paper that each white paper is come out from the previous one. The purpose of a cutti is to change the normal structure of the actor’s face by widening the jawline and narrowing again at the chin. The below figure is the whole make up look for Rama, a Pacca character in the class of Sattvika, which concludes the above description. Figure 2. Rama’s make up Additional information about the role type Sattvika is that: a medium circular crown is usually worn. First it is to symbolize the high status of Rama, prince, and second to balances the thick and upturning shape of the black eyebrows and curve of the cutti. Figure 3: Rama’s makeup with crown On the other hand, Ravana can be classified into the role type, Rajsika. This type of role usually has a streak of nobility in their blood, and Ravana in this play is the ruler of Lanka. Ravana is an ambitious yet arrogant character. Although he is a bad spirit and demon, he has some redeeming qualities, which is exactly the trait of an Rajsika character. For instance, when before he thinking of creating chaos, he is confused that he will curse the moon for being unpredictable. However, his demon force of disorder has cloud his mind, and eventually creating pure chaos. Non-sensibly, he has also blames all of his problems on Sita, claiming that if she wasn’t that beautiful, he would never fallen in love and make this foolish mistake of kidnapping her. This can truly reveals he is weak to admit his faults. Moreover, in the battle of Ravana and Rama, Ravana has chosen to use his magic weapon, Maya, which created illusions and confused the enemy , which reflects his surreptitious and devil character quality. For the role type Rajsika, which Ravana is one of them, are distinctively treated with makeup, Katti. This is because Katti is especially suitable for demoniac characters whom standing against the hero of the play, where in this play Ravana is fighting against the hero, Rama. Compared with Paccha, the make up of Katti is more complicated. The term ‘Katti’ means the knife, as the shapes in the makeup are sharply bent daggers. The foundation colour of Katti is green indicating this type of character is too high born. While his evil and arrogance can be represent by the nose that painted in red. Then, two red board, flat- ended curves that is highly shaped and highlighted with white frame is rise up to the forehead, above eyebrows from the bridge of the nose. In addition, on the forehead, between the two red curves there are white lines across the forehead with an upturned capital ‘A’. Moreover, Then the red paint on the nose rises up to a stylized red moustache framed by white rice paste and black colour as a border. The curls of the moustache on either side of the face are over cheeks. The upturning point of the moustache is directly pointed to the eyes. The whole image is like a red patch, moustache, covering the upper jaw , which can be shown in the below figure. The astonishing combination of red and green can create high accomplishment as well as evil designs. Figure 4. The use of red on katti characters Thus the use of red on Katti characters can build up the demoniac nature and symbolized the devilish in the actions. The use of white has no a particular function, yet it can reinforce the effect of the colour red, and can exaggerate of the evil motives of an evil character. Also, the lips will be painted in red too, and there are in the same shape as Pacca’s lips, which on the side of the lips contain circular red patches. In order to add fierceness to the terrifying appearance of Ravana, two long protruding canine teeth are perched on the side of the mouth . Comparing this to a Pacca character, although both characters are using the same color tone for their makeup: green base with red accents. It is noticeable that the makeup of eyes has given Katti a total extension to the evil face. It emphasizes and exaggerates the villain expressions. First, Katti have used a very thick under eye line to trace his eyes. Then, the upper eyebrows paint will start from the inner edge of the outer crescent of the white rice-paste, a line curls up round the nose and comes to rest in the cavity of the eyebrow. And that black paint will be extend to the area of red patterns on the forehead, then the two colours, black and red will create a contacting feeling and further exaggerate the red patterns. The eyes are extended on the both side towards the base of the nose and the temples, and strengthen the ignoble being of Ravana, a Katti character. This can be shown in the above figure. Figure 5. The eye make up of Katti (Kalamandalam Shanmukhan as Ravana) The final feature to represent Katti’s evil nature in the make up, are the two protrusions—white knobs (called chuttipuvvus) on the face which they are stick to the nose-tips and middle of the forehead. The sizes of the white bulbs vary for each Katti character in terms of the cruelty of him. The more wicked the character is, the larger is the size of these knobs. For Ravana, both white bulbs are in the same size, and it should be using the largest size due to the fact that he keeps creating serious and foolish chaos in the play. Instead of a plain nose and patterns of a virtuous character with the help of the nature of colour, these two white bulbs can further symbolize overbearingness of Ravana. Similar with Rama, a Pacca character, Ravana wears a cutti and the eyes have to redden as well. And the below diagram can conclude the make up of Ravana that wears a Katti make up. Figure 6. The completed makeup of Ravana All the makeup materials that are used in Kathakali are naturally made. The paint made by colour stones. It is first powered and filtered before sulphur and a greasy substance usually coconut oil are mixed to make a paste . While the paint of cutti is mixed by rice-paste and lime, and when it dries it will form a solid and hard shape. On every night’s performance, the actors will have their makeup done in an area called ‘green room’. The completed makeup for both of the characters, Rama and Ravana will usually take two to four hours. However, the makeup artist does not do the whole makeup process. The actors have to first begin their makeup by outlining the major patterns on their face. Then, he will go to a makeup artist, which he will apply the appropriate rice-paste patterns layer by layer . Ravana, for example, the makeup artist will need to trace the pattern of the moustache. After that the actor will need to colour the patterns by themselves. As Kathakali is a traditional India type of art, and all theatre company will generally follow the traditional, especially on the makeup, costumes, headdress. Thus, all theatre company would do same makeup for Rama and Ravana. Concluding, actors who want to portray the role of Rama and Ravana of The Ramayana in the Kathakali style must aware of their own makeup style. Although the realism in the makeup is temporal, the true state of the character mind is portrayed through it. Also, due to the fact that a make up is the first aesthetic element that audiences observe from their character, which they are able to distinguish the two completely different role types— Sattvika and Rajsika. In other extreme words, this element can control and alter the interpretation of audiences towards the characters, as well as the facial movements that the actor creates for his own character. Bibliography (Critique of Sources) Literary Sources 1. Gayanacharya Avinash C. Pandeya â€Å"The Art of Kathakali† Publisher: Kitabistan, Allahabad (India), 1961 â€Å"The Art of Kathakali† is first published in 1943, and the version that I read is the second edition, which is published in 1961. The author has revised and enlarged the information, in order to add a new set of illustrations to facilitate a further and deeper understanding of the art: Kathakali. The book has included a range of facts and analysis on Kathakali theatre: origin, techniques, costumes, makeup and gestural codes. During the process of completing the work, Pandeya has studied the basic trait of people of Kerala was studied in order to reach to the deep roots of kathakali. Other than this fresh experience, he has a close contact with the scholars on kathakali for few years. At the same time, he has got guidance and assistance with Guru Gopi Nath, who has started a dance school at Madras. Despite the lack of bibliography, the author acknowledges a variety of sources that he used and adopted in his research at the end of the book, i. e. mainly literary sources (books and contemporary writings). I then researched his sources, and it appears that they are unbiased information. This book has provided detailed information on the every aspect of the Kathakali theatre. I especially found the makeup part useful. However at the same time, it is difficult to read, as there are a lot of Indian terms, which I have to take time to understand. 2. Phillip B. Zarrilli â€Å"The Kathakali Complex: Actor, Performance, Structure† Publisher: Abhinav publications (India), 1984 â€Å"The Kathakali Complex: Actor, Performance, Structure† is another collection of information on Indian Dance drama, Kathakali. It has also focused on different aspect of the theatrical style. However the author, Pillip Zarrilli, has used much more simply terms to explain the elements. Therefore it is suitbale for individual and dramaturge that with little knowledge at the beginning, as the book begins with narrative account of three kathakali performances, then detailed account of the actor in performance. Phillip Zarrilli is notable British practitioner of the Indian material arts, including Kathakali. He made repeated trips to India to engage in advanced training. Also, has worked with Indian choreographers on several international projects. With that much experiences and positions in Kathakali (performer, director, participant, dramatrug), along with his surveys on expert, he has conducted a very reasonable and logical research. Hence, I think this book is reliable. I especially found the chapters ‘The Kathakali actor in performance’ and ‘an overview of the creation of the Kathakali actor’ interesting and useful for my RI. The most unique and useful part of this book is that it has provided a list of figures and diagrams with annotation at the beginning of the book, which makes readers very conveniently can able to search for information. 3. Reginald Massy â€Å"India’s Dance† Publisher: Abhinav Publications (India), 2004 Reginald Massey has written on the culture, music, religious and dance of India in different papers, for example, The times, The Guardian and The Dancing Times of London. His book, â€Å"India’s Dance† consists different type of Indian dance, and one of them is kathakali. Although the introduction of kathakali is less, it is useful and concise. The use of this book in my RI is little, yet it is important, as I have used this book as checking/ supporting my other sources. This can ensure my sources are correct and they are presenting facts instead of opinions. 4. Prof. Stephen Hagin â€Å"Reading Guide: The Ramayana† Publisher: Kennesaw State University, 2008 Although â€Å"Reading Guilde: The Ramayana† is not directly linked into my Research Investigation, it is a reading guide that provides a very detailed background of the play, Ramayana. Also, it has included notes on each chapter and brief summaries of the themes. I think that the analysis this guild is valid as it was written by Prof. Stephen Hagin. He is an assistant Professor of English at Kennesaw State University, and has wrote, edited and designed three college English textbooks before. However, there is no bibliography with his work, which it is hard to determinant the reliability of this study. Online Sources 5. Video by Kerala Tourism of the process of Kathakali Make-up http://www. youtube. com/watch? v=iu5pGb_fpE8feature=player_embeddedLast visited: April 1st, 2013 This video is posted on the youtube. com. It is the first sources that gave me a full image about how Kathakali makeup look like, as well as the process of makeup. Without narration or caption, the whole video is simple just showing the process of Kathakali makeup. Also, this video did not specify the name of the performance and characters. Therefore, a further investigation of the Kathakali makeup features and the role types is needed. Although this video was found on the Internet, and it is told that we have to cautious about Internet sources, I think that this is a reliable and valid resource. It is because it is posted by the Kerala Tourism and meaning that it is a government video to attract visitors. Hence, the authority power of the government is strong enough to trust. 6. Jeanette Issa, Introduction of Kathakali (July 2012) http://postcolonialstudies.  emory. edu/kathakali/ Last visit: March 20th, 2013 This website provide me a general introduction to Kathakali as well as some brief analysis about other theatrical elements including makeup. The Internet may not be the most reliable platform, yet this site has provided me multiple hyperlinks to other websites, giving other information for example the history and some audio clips. I thi nk this is a credible source, as it has referenced different type of sources that the author has used, for example websites and literary works (books and articles). At the same time, the last update of this website is July 2012, which is the latest written sources among all of my sources. Therefore I think the author can able to provide a more update to date information about Kathakali. 7. Rajeeb, Rodolfo, Shiv, Kathakali- Make up and Costume (2000) http://library. thinkquest. org/C006203/cgi-bin/stories. cgi? article=mc §ion=dance/classical/kathakaliframe=parent Last Visit: March 21st, 2013 This website is specifically talk about the makeup and costume about Kathakali theatre, and it is analyzed according to the role types. Although it is not very detailed, the words and terms are easy to read and understand. Therefore this website instead of helping my Research Investigation, it is to allow me have a background information about the role types in Kathakali. Although this website is created by three students all from secondary school, they are supervised by their teachers, which two of them are Indian and one of them is Amercian, form The Shri Ram School. However, as the students did not citied their resources, I doubt the reliability of this website.